Vol. 12 No. 3 (2022): International Dental Research

Aim: Pits and fissures are considered the areas in the posterior teeth that are most susceptible to decay. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the prevalence of fissure types in relation to tooth type and localization. Methodology: A total of 100 extracted sound maxillary and mandibular molars and premolars were included in this study (25 teeth/group). The extracted teeth without any caries, cracks, fractures, anomalies, or restorations were classified according to tooth type and localization after disinfection. The teeth were sectioned in the buccolingual direction from the deepest part of the central fossa on the occlusal surface, and the fissure patterns were observed using a stereo microscope. The frequency distribution and percentages of the categorical data were obtained. Chi-square and exact tests were performed to compare the localization of the teeth and the prevalence of fissure types ( p < 0.05). Results: The V-type fissure pattern (59%) was statistically significantly more common in both the premolar and molar teeth, followed by the I-type (18%) and U-type (14%) patterns ( p = 0.000). The rarest fissure pattern was the IK type. No relationships were found between fissure pattern, the tooth subgroups, and localization ( p = 0.390). Conclusion: Determining the types of fissure morphology is important for the prevention of caries on the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars.   How to cite this article: Büyükgöze Dindar M, Tekbaş Atay M. Microscopic evaluation of fissure patterns of posterior permanent teeth: An in vitro study. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):107-11. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.1   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: Carabelli’s trait, a morphological feature on the mesiopalatal surface of the maxillary molars, has importance in anthropology, forensic sciences, and clinical dentistry. The aim of this study was to find the frequency and degree of expression of Carabelli’s trait and to assess the asymmetry of the trait, on three permanent maxillary molars in a sample of Turkish individuals. Methodology: Carabelli’s trait was evaluated using Dahlberg’s eight-grade scale on 462 subjects. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test. Results: The frequencies in the total, positive and negative expressions of the trait were, respectively, 64.5%, 37.7% and 26.8% on the first molars, 27.1%, 19.6% and 7.6% on the second molars and 10.3%, 8.7% and 1.6% on the third molars. The occurrence of the trait on the first and second molars was more prevalent in males than in females. The trait was most frequently bilateral and symmetrical without significant sex differences, with varying degrees of asymmetry that increased from the first to the third molars. The frequencies of presence-absence asymmetry and any degree of asymmetry on the first molars were 5.3% and 15.7%, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed a comparatively high frequency of Carabelli’s trait with a relatively low asymmetry in a contemporary Turkish sample. This data has the potential to be used for anthropological, forensic, and clinical purposes.   How to cite this article: Yılancı HÖ, Özkan G, Akkaya N, Boyacıoğlu H. The frequency and degree of expression of Carabelli’s trait on the permanent maxillary molars in a sample of Turkish individuals. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):112-9. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.2   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate dentists’ working conditions and the measures they take, and to highlight their effects on anxiety levels of dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Methodology: An online survey of 46 questions was performed among Turkish dentists from June 3 to 10, 2020. Demographic variables, working conditions, and the measures they have taken while working during the pandemic were sought among the dentists, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to determine their anxiety levels. This study included a sample of 704 dentists in Turkey. Results: Considering the working conditions and self-protective measures taken by dentists, dentists who did not feel safe during the pandemic had higher anxiety levels than the others ( p = 0.000). Female dentists, dentists whose work routines had changed, those who had chronic diseases and those who worked in public were found to have higher levels of anxiety than the others ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is important to be aware of dentists’ working conditions and anxiety levels to help improve their quality of work.   How to cite this article: Kuldaş F, Durmazpınar PM, Kanmaz B. Evaluation of Turkish dentists’ anxiety levels according to the measures taken and working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):120-9. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.3   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: To examine the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) changes in patients with skeletal Class III anomalies treated with two different bimaxillary surgery (BMS) techniques. Methodology: A total of 27 patients (15 females, 12 males) treated with BMS were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=16, mean age: 20.67±2.82 years) consisted of patients who underwent maxillary-mandibular advancement (MMA), and Group 2 (n=11, mean age: 23.87±7.72 years) consisted of patients who underwent maxillary advancement and mandibular setback (MAMS). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records were taken immediately before (T1) and at least 5 months after (T2) BMS. To evaluate the postoperative PAS changes, the parameters of total volume (TV), upper volume (UV), lower volume (LV), and minimal axial area (Min-Ax) were evaluated using NemoCeph 10.4.2 software. Results: In Group 1, postoperative increases in the TV, NV, OV, and Min-Ax were determined as 4.5%, 6.6%, 3.07%, and 5.1%, respectively, but these increases were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). In Group 2, the following increases were determined: 10.4% in TV, 18.4% in NV, and 5.5% in OV. A postoperative decrease of 6.2% was determined for Min-Ax. These increases and decreases were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in any pre- and postoperative parameters ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: Neither of the BMS techniques caused any significant change in the PAS parameters.   How to cite this article: Koç E, Akkurt A. Investigation of the effects of bimaxillary surgery on the pharyngeal airway space. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):130-6. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.4   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: Air powder polishing (APP) can cause roughness on composite surfaces, and consequently the color change that occurs over time affects the aesthetic negatively. Here, we aim to investigate the effect of repolishing on the roughness and discoloration of resin composites after APP to avoid its negative effects for the first time. Methodology: A total of 39 composite discs were randomly allocated into three groups: Group I: Control (n = 13), Group II: Air Powder Polished (n = 13), and Group III: Air Powder Polished + Re-polished (n = 13). Color and surface roughness of the discs were measured before and after immersion in coffee for 1 week. Color was measured using a colorimeter (CR-400, Konica Minolta), and roughness was measured using a surface roughness analyzer (SJ-400, Mitutoyo, Japan). Results: All specimens in the groups, except those in Group III, showed significant changes in roughness, and all materials showed significant color changes after immersion in the coffee relative to the baseline. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of roughness and color. Conclusion: In this study, we showed that repolishing after APP does not significantly improve the color stability and roughness of the composite restorations.   How to cite this article: Altaş N, Sağır K, Aydınoğlu A, Gözetici Çil B, Keleşoğlu E, Sağır K, Hazar Yoruç AB. Effect of repolishing on the surface roughness and color stability of air-abraded resin composites. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):137-42. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.5   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the repeated usage of a home-bleaching agent (16% carbamide peroxide) on the surface roughness of commonly used computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) restoration materials. Methodology: Five different CAD-CAM restoration materials were used in this study: feldspathic ceramic (Vita Mark II—Group VM II), leucite-reinforced glass ceramic (IPS Empress CAD—Group EMP), lithium disilicate-reinforced glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD—Group EMAX), polymer infiltrated network hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic—Group VE), and resin nanoceramic (Lava Ultimate—Group LU). A home-bleaching agent containing 16% carbamide peroxide was applied in three repeated periods (10 days, 20 days, and 30 days of exposure). A surface profilometer was used to determine the roughness average (Ra) values of the specimens. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using repeated measures of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test at a 5% level of significance. Results: All materials exhibited a rougher surface after the first treatment period (10 days of exposure). The roughness of Group VM II continued to increase for up to 20 days. With the exception of Group LU, all groups exhibited a significantly rougher surface after 30 days of exposure compared to the baseline values ( p < 0.05). The greatest variation in surface roughness was observed for the ceramic-based groups (VM II, EMP, and EMAX) rather than the hybrid groups (LU and VE). Conclusion: Patients with ceramic-based CAD-CAM restorations should be careful during home-bleaching treatment, especially when repeated applications are involved. Hybrid materials, particularly Lava Ultimate, seem more resistant to the effects of repeated bleaching cycles than ceramic-based materials.   How to cite this article: Çölgeçen Ö, Köse M. Effects of repeated home bleaching on the surface roughness of CAD-CAM restoration materials. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):143-8. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.6   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different polishing methods on the surface roughness of temporary prosthetic restorations. Methodology: In this study, 200 specimens were obtained from Structur 2, Imident, FSM Duo CAD, and Han Temp Crown. All specimens were sanded with 400-, 800-, and 1000-grit silicon carbide. Next, the specimens were divided into five subgroups (n = 10). The specimens in first group were sanded with 1200-, 1600-, and 2000-grit silicon carbide sandpaper. The second group was polished with an aluminum oxide-containing disc. The third group was polished with a diamond-containing pad. A glaze bond was applied to the specimens in the fourth group. The fifth group was glazed with a coat of nano-filled resin. Then, the surface roughness of all specimens was measured with a profilometer. A two-way ANOVA test was performed using SPSS 20.0. Finally, the microstructures of the surfaces were examined by a scanning electron microscope at 5000× magnification. Results: Statistically significant results were obtained between the temporary materials and polishing methods in terms of surface roughness ( p < 0.05). For the polishing method, the highest surface roughness values were observed in the control group (0.50 ± 0.15). The lowest surface roughness values were observed in the Equia Forte GC coat group (0.25 ± 0.10). Among the temporary crown materials, the highest roughness was observed in Imicryl specimens. (0.45 ± 0.17), while the least roughness was the polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) specimens (0.17 ± 0.10). Conclusion: Surface polishing and finishing procedures might positively affect the surface roughness of temporary materials. Furthermore, materials made via computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) demonstrate structural advantages and may be preferable.   How to cite this article: How to cite this article: Kavut İ, Uğur M, Tanrıkut ÖO. Effect of polishing methods on the surface roughness of different temporary restorative materials. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):149-57. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.7   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.  

Aim: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the radiographic success of apexification treatments applied with different materials and techniques. Methodology: Periapical radiographs of 224 maxillary incisors in patients between 6 and 12 years of age who had undergone apexification treatment at the Dicle University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry were retrospectively examined. Each apex was scored using the periapical index (PAI) on X-rays obtained at 12 months of follow-up after treatment, and the presence or absence of the apical barrier was evaluated. The Kruskal–Wallis H, Mann–Whitney U, and chi-square tests were used for the statistical analysis ( p < 0.05). Results: In the maxillary incisors, apexification was most commonly performed on the maxillary right central teeth (74.11%). The cause for this treatment was trauma in 97.77% of the patients. Enlargement in the periodontal space (95.98%), the presence of lesions (60.71%), loss of lamina dura (54.46%), and external resorption (43.75%) were observed. At 12 months of follow-up after treatment, apical closure (87.95%) was observed in all teeth with open apexes, and the ratio of patients with a PAI of < 2 was 89.35% for calcium hydroxide (CH) apexification and 92.73% for mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification. Conclusion: The radiographic success of apexification treatments with CH and MTA was found to be high in 224 immature upper incisors.   How to cite this article: Akleyin E, Polat Y, Harman EB, Çelenk S. Evaluating the radiographic results of apexification treatment in children. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):158-64. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.8   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: As the spectrum of composite materials expands in the dental market, it's becoming more challenging to differentiate the structural properties and to find suitable finishing-polishing (f-p) materials. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of one and multi-step f-p systems on the surface roughness (SR) of current composite materials. Methodology: In this study, nanohybrid bulk-fill (Filtek BulkFill Posterior [FBFP]), nanohybrid (Ceram.x One [CXO]), microhybrid (Filtek Z250 [FZ250]), and giomer bulk-fill (Beautifil Bulk Restorative [BBR]) composites were tested. After sample preparation and 24-h storage in 37 °C distilled water, each main group was assigned to one of two groups (n = 10): a one-step (One Gloss-PS) or a multi-step (Sof-Lex) f–p system. SR values (Ra, µm) were measured using a profilometer. Statistical analysis was done using Tukey HSD and ANOVA tests ( p < 0.05). Results: FZ250 showed the highest Ra values, regardless of the f–p system used. CXO showed statistically significantly lower SR scores than FZ250 ( p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the Ra values of the one- or multi-step f–p systems for FBFP and FZ250. Both the material and f–p systems had a significant effect on the Ra values separately. Conclusion: FZ250 showed the highest Ra values, and composites polished with the multi-step f–p system exhibited slightly smoother surfaces than those polished with the one-step system.   How to cite this article: Ozan G, Berkman M. Surface roughness evaluation of composite materials polished with one- or multi-step systems. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):165-70. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.9   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Background: In the literature, the dental implant survival rate has been reported one hundred percent in immunosuppressed patients after a solid organ transplant (SOT). There is no previously published dental implant failure that has been reported on immunosuppressed renal transplant, which is the most common SOT therapy. Case Report: The case presented is that of a 66-years old male edentulous patient suffering from lack of functional prosthesis and who received a renal transplant two years ago. No complications such as infection, radiolucency, or pus were detected after two dental implants were placed in the mandible and after three months recovery period. The right mandibular dental implant failure occurred due to compression of the dental implant and healing head during the delivery of the patient’s removable prosthesis. Following implant socket healing after two months, the 4.8 mm diameter implant was placed immediately after. Osseointegration was completed uneventfully, and the patient was successfully rehabilitated with a two implant-retained mandibular overdenture prosthesis. The implant restoration was performing well with stable Peri-implant bone levels have shown minimal marginal bone loss at a 2-year follow-up.  Conclusion: Treatment of combined immunosuppressive medication used in renal transplant patients after dental implant rehabilitation, as well as accompanying chronic diseases, should be performed considering the possibility of failure in dental implant applications. In this case report, the causes of implant failure were reported patients who received dental implant treatment after renal transplantation from a cadaver.   How to cite this article: Güler B, Özaltun B, Çukurluöz Bayındır B, Dal G. Dental implant failure in immunosuppressed renal transplant patient: A case report. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):171-5. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.10   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.