Vol. 13 No. 2 (2023): International Dental Research

Aim: To compare the efficacy of shockwave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS), sonic activation with EDDY, and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in the removal of calcium hydroxide medicaments from artificial internal resorption cavities. Methodology: Ninety mandibular premolars with single oval canals were prepared to size 50/0.04 and split longitudinally. Standardized cavities were prepared in the apical third of the root canal and filled with calcium hydroxide. The root halves were reassembled and divided into three groups (n = 30) according to the removal methods used. The amount of residual calcium hydroxide was evaluated using a four-grade scoring system. The differences between the groups were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test ( p < 0.05). Results: SWEEPS removed significantly more calcium hydroxide than PUI ( p < 0.003) and EDDY ( p < 0.035). There was no significant difference between the EDDY and PUI groups ( p = 1.000). Conclusion: None of the systems tested were able to completely remove the calcium hydroxide paste from the simulated internal resorption cavities; however, SWEEPS removed more calcium hydroxide than the EDDY and PUI techniques.   How to cite this article: Erkan E, Aydın RN, Falakaloğlu S, Yeniçeri Özata M, Gündoğar M. Efficacy of laser-activated irrigation with the SWEEPS modality in removing calcium hydroxide from simulated internal resorption cavities. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):48-53. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.1   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the bond strength of three expired and unexpired composite resin cements used between tooth and ceramic surfaces. Methodology: In this study, the dentin surfaces of 60 non-carious human teeth and ceramic specimens were bonded with three different resin cements. The resin cements used to bond the teeth and ceramic blocks were divided into two subgroups by expiration date (Group 1a. Variolink II-unexpired, 1b. Variolink II-expired 12 months prior. Group 2a. RelyX Unicem-unexpired, 2b. RelyX Unicem-expired 12 months prior. Group 3a. Panavia F 2.0-unexpired, 3b. Panavia F 2.0-expired 12 months prior). The samples were thermally cycled for 3,000 cycles in a temperature range of 5°C–55°C. The shear bonding test was performed using a universal tester. The force required for ceramic debonding was recorded. Surface fracture analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the bond strength of resin cements with different expiration dates. P -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The difference in bond strength between the unexpired resin and the resin that had expired 12 months before the analysis was found not to be statistically significant in the Variolink II and Panavia pairs but significant in the RelyX resin cement pair. Conclusion: The self-adhesive resin cements that expired one year earlier showed lower bond strength than their unexpired counterparts; however, the use of expired total-etch and self-etch systems did not significantly affect bond strength.   How to cite this article: Karagözoğlu İ, Aksel L. Bonding performance of different types of expired and unexpired composite resin cements. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):54-59. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.2   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: This survey study aimed to assess the awareness of parents of pediatric dental patients regarding the “ToothSOS” mobile application and the “Save Your Tooth” posters created by the International Association of Dental Traumatology. Methodology: This study included 303 participants who applied to Health Sciences University, Gülhane Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, between 02/01/2021 and 05/31/2021. The survey comprised visually supported questions to measure the participants’ demographic features, previous dental trauma experiences, awareness of mobile dental trauma applications, and knowledge of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages and were compared using the chi-square test ( p < 0.05). Results: The results showed that parents’ awareness levels regarding TDIs were insufficient. No significant difference was detected in the knowledge levels of parents of children with and without a history of dental trauma. However, significantly correct answers were obtained to the avulsion injury questions from parents with high education levels. Conclusion: Given the results of this study, it is recommended that dental health providers focus on TDI education for parents.   How to cite this article: Bal C, Öztürk Z, Atak D, Yaşar M, Aksoy M. Evaluation of parents’ awareness levels of traumatic dental injuries: The ToothSOS mobile application and “Save Your Tooth” posters. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):60-66. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.3   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The purpose of this randomized split-mouth clinical study was to assess the effect of three adhesive systems on the 2-year clinical success of Class I composite resin restorations. Methodology: In the treatment of the Class I carious lesions of 20 participants aged 18–24 years with at least three similar carious lesions, three adhesives—Clearfil SE Bond (CSE; Kuraray, Osaka, Japan), Single Bond 2 (SB2; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), and Tri-S Bond (TSB; Kuraray, Osaka, Japan)—and a Filtek Z550 nanohybrid composite resin (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were cured. The baseline and 2-year results of the restorations were assessed according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The chi-square test was used to analyze the data obtained. Results: There was no loss of restoration in any group at 2 years. No significant differences were observed in any criteria (marginal staining, fracture retention, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity) evaluated except marginal adaptation, in accordance with FDI and USPHS criteria ( p > 0.05). At 2 years, SB2 showed the best marginal adaptation, followed by CSE and TBS. There was a statistically significant difference between SB2 and TSB ( p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: All three adhesive systems can be used successfully in the restoration of Class I carious lesions.     How to cite this article: Çakır Kılınç NN, Demirbuğa S. Two-year clinical evaluation of Class I composite resin restorations using three adhesive systems: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):67-74. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.4   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: This aim of this study was to compare the effects of different chelating agents [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glycolic acid (GA) and citric acid (CA)] on the push-out bond strength (POBS) of two calcium silicate-based silicate cements (CSC) (Biodentine and PD MTA White). Methodology: Dentin discs of 1 ± 0.2 mm thickness were taken from the middle root region of thirty-nine extracted mandibular premolar teeth and two holes (1 mm diameter) were drilled in each disc (n = 78 holes). The samples were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 26 holes) according to the final irrigation agents: Group 1: 20% CA, Group 2: 17% EDTA, Group 3: 10% GA. Then, two different materials were applied to the holes in each group (n = 13 holes): a: PD MTA White, b: Biodentine. POBS test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The dentin discs were examined under stereomicroscope (25×) to assess the bond failure type.  Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of main effects was examined with the Bonferroni test, and multiple comparisons were analysed with the Tukey HSD test. The level of signifcance was 5%. Results: Biodentine showed significantly higher POBS than PD MTA White ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the final irrigation agents ( p > 0.05). CA – Biodentine group showed substantially higher POBS than EDTA – PD MTA White, CA – PD MTA White, and GA – Biodentine groups   ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: While CA increased the POBS of Biodentine significantly, the POBS of PD MTA White was not affected by the final irrigation agents.     How to cite this article: Yeniçeri Özata M, Falakaloğlu S, Batur M, Adıgüzel Ö, Goncharuk-Khomyn M. The effect of final irrigation agents on push-out bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to dentin. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):75-82. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.5   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: During orthodontic treatment, dental materials can affect the imaging of caries lesions. Material density and X-ray beam attenuation play important roles in this imaging. This study aims to evaluate the artifacts that are caused by brackets made of different materials and affect the visibility of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) code 5 caries. Methodology: One premolar tooth with ICDAS code 5 caries was examined. Eight periapical radiographs were taken: one without a bracket and seven with different types of brackets (composite with metal slot, self-ligating ceramic, monocrystalline ceramic, polycrystalline ceramic, zirconium, self-ligating stainless steel, and conventional stainless steel). The gray values of the caries region were evaluated using Fiji software (version 1.53f, National Institutes of Health, USA) on periapical radiographs. Results: Conventional stainless steel and self-ligating stainless steel brackets increased the radiopacity of the outer half of the enamel (E1). When these brackets were present, the gray values changed by -13.63633 ( p = .026) and -16.38967 ( p = .006), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in column B due to the brackets. However, numerically, the gray value changes were similar to those in column A. Conclusion: Orthodontic brackets affect the evaluation of periapical images. Ceramic brackets provide more advantages than stainless steel brackets for radiographic imaging.   How to cite this article: Karabiber G, Arsan B, Kocaer AF. Evaluation of the effects of different bracket types on the detection of interproximal enamel caries using periapical radiography. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):83-89. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.6   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: Dental education is considered a highly stressful time consisting of a series of courses and practical programs aimed at developing interpersonal skills, learning the theoretical foundations of professional practices, and acquiring clinical skills. The aim of this study was to determine and comparatively examine preclinical and clinical students’ dental anxiety levels. Methodology: The study included third- and fourth-year students in the Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. The students were asked to complete questionnaire forms, including the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (C-DAS), to determine their anxiety levels. Gender, age, and academic year were recorded. The significance level was set at p < 0.050. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the median STAI-S, STAI-T, and C-DAS values between classes. A statistically significant correlation was found between the STAI-S, STAI-T, and C-DAS values. The C-DAS values of third-year female students were higher than those of male students. No difference was observed between the genders among fourth-year students. Conclusion: Neither preclinical nor clinical students exhibited high dental anxiety, and no differences were detected between classes. We believe that this result is associated with increases in education and acquired experience.   How to cite this article: Sarıbaş E. Determination of dental anxiety levels in dental faculty students. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):90-98. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.7   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: Untreated root canals may have a direct impact on root canal treatment (RCT) outcome. The aim of this case report is to describe the nonsurgical root canal retreatment of two mandibular first molars in a patient's mesial roots that had previously missed middle mesial root canals (MMC). Methodology: A 14-year-old female was referred to the our clinic with the complaint of pain in the posterior areas of the right and left mandibula. During the examination, previous RCTs [teeth 36 (mandibular left first molar) and 46 (mandibular right first molar)] were observed. Besides, these teeth have periradicular lesions in the mesial roots probably due to unsuccessful previous treatment. Nonsurgical retreatment was suggested and accepted. Access cavities were prepared and the unnoticed MMCs were detected at the isthmus connecting both mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals. All the root canals were shaped with NiTi rotary endodontic files. During the shaping, the root canals were irrigated copiously with NaOCl, EDTA, clorhexidine, and saline solutions under a certain protocol. Calcium hydroxide was used for intracanal dressing. Gutta-percha and a resin-based root canal sealer were used for filling. Coronal restorations of the teeth were completed with a composite resin. Conclusion: At follow-up examinations after 3-, 6-, and 12-months, the teeth were asymptomatic and radiographically showed repair of the lesion. Healing was achieved without any need for further endodontic surgical intervention.     How to cite this article: Başoğlu A, Harorlı H, Er K. Endodontic retreatment of mandibular molars with the presence of missed middle mesial root canals: an important clinical lesion. Int Dent Res 2023;13(2):99-103. https://doi.org/10.5577/idr.2023.vol13.no2.8   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.