Vol. 9 No. 3 (2019): International Dental Research

Aim : This study aimed to evaluate and compare retention force of two implants retained mandibular overdenture with zirconia bar using two different clip materials. Methodology : 20 completely edentulous patients (8 women and 12 men) with age ranged between 45 and 65 years were selected for this study. All patients received conventional maxillary and mandibular complete dentures. Two implants were inserted bilaterally in the mandibular canine region. CAD-CAM fabricated zirconia bar attachment was used to retain mandibular overdentures. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups where poly-oxy-methylene (POM) clip was used for Group I and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) clip for Group II. Retention force was measured at time of overdenture insertion (T0), six months (T6), and twelve months (T12) later. Results : significant difference was recorded between the two groups in initial retention forces (T0) where PEEK clip group recorded higher retention forces in comparison to POM clip group (P=0.029). However, insignificant difference was observed at (T6) and (T12). Within group comparison of mean retention values at different follow-up periods revealed significant difference for both groups. Conclusion: Within parameters of this study, it could be concluded that both POM and PEEK retentive clips can provide comparable retention forces when used with zirconia bar during 12 months period of overdenture use.   How to cite this article: Emera RMK, Altonbary GY. Retention force of zirconia bar retained implant overdenture: Clinical comparative study between PEEK and plastic clips. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):92-8.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of panoramic radiographic errors and to evaluate the correlation between age and panoramic radiographic error types . Methodology: A total of 500 panoramic radiographs (259 male, 241 female) which have been taken for various reasons were randomly selected from the archive of our dentomaxillofacial radiology department.  Patients were divided into six age groups and by sex. The assessed errors included the tongue not in contact with palate, slumped position, patients not biting on bite block, patient movement, the chin tipped high, the chin tipped low, the patient positioned forward, the patient positioned backward, patient’ head turned to one side, foreign bodies in the image, exposure errors, positioning error of the lips and missing image. Each radiograph was quality rated as excellent, diagnostically acceptable or unacceptable. Results: One or more errors were detected in 317 (63.4%) of the 500 panoramic radiographs, while no error was found in 183 (%36.6). It was observed that the most common error type was the slumped position (13.2%). Quality of the panoramic radiographs was evaluated according to the criteria, only 15% images were classified as “excellent”, 48.2% was as “inadequate for diagnosis” and 36.8% was as “adequate for diagnosis”. It was recorded that “slumped position” and “patient movement” errors were statistically significant in >56 years (p <0.05). Conclusion: Patients can be protected from unnecessary radiation reception by investigating the causes of panoramic radiographic errors and training of technicians in this direction.   How to cite this article: Aktuna Belgin C, Serindere G. Evaluation of error types and quality on panoramic radiography. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):99-104.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: Repairing amalgam restorations with composite resins is a clinical practice with many advantages. An effective adhesion is achieved between amalgam and composite by applied different surface treatment on amalgam surface. In this study, the effect of adhesive systems applied on amalgam surface on composite-amalgam connection was investigated. Methodology: Standard cavities were opened in 70 acrylic molds that had completed their polymerization and amalgams were placed in these cavities. Seven groups were randomly assigned to different surface treatments on amalgam. In group 1 only roughening with diamond bur , in group 2 acid etch, in group 3 acid application after roughening with diamond bur, in group 4 roughening with diamond bur and silane, in group 5 acid etch and silane, in group 6 roughening with diamond bur and Alloy Primer and finally 7. acid etch and Alloy Primer was applied in the samples. After the application of clearfil universal bond to all groups, composite resins were placed and polymerized. Shear bond strengths were tested with a Universal testing machine. Obtained data were evaluated by one way ANOVA and Tukey B tests. Results: In the statistical evaluation of the groups, the highest shear bond strength between amalgam-composite was seen in the 3rd group where both roughening with diamond bur and acid were applied together, and the lowest shear bond strength was seen in the first group with only roughening with diamond bur. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: The roughening of the amalgam surface affects the shear bond strength between amalgam and composite resin. These results obtained in vitro conditions should be supported with clinical studies.   How to cite this article: Cangül S, Adıgüzel Ö, Erpaçal B, Ünal M, Acartürk M, Satıcı Ö. Evaluation of shear bond strength of amalgam restorations repaired with composite resin by different surface treatments. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):105-10.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze dental procedures performed under general anesthesia (GA) or deep sedation at Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from May 2013 to May 2018. Methodology: This study included 182 patients treated under GA and sedation from May 2013 to May 2018. The records of these cases were reviewed retrospectively in terms of patient demographic characteristics, medical history, dental procedures, and treatment duration. Children and adults were compared in terms of general anesthesia (GA) and deep sedation (SD). Results: Of 182 patients (age range: 1–61 years), 63 were had an American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) status of I (completely healthy) and 119 were of ASA II status (mild systemic disease). A total of 143 patients (60 children and 83 adults) underwent GA, while 39 patients (18 children and 21 adults) underwent deep sedation. The mean duration of the procedures performed under GA and deep sedation was 75 and 40 min, respectively. Following the procedure, 103 patients were discharged on the same day, whereas 78 patients required postoperative care and were discharged on the following day. The rnumber of patients exposed to GA and SD were 143 and 39, respectively. The number of child patients exposed to GA waas 60, while that of adults was 83. Conclusions: The frequency of dental rehabilitation under GA or sedation is increasing. Patients who cannot undergo dental procedures under local anesthesia can be treated under preferably GA, as long as the indications, patient characteristics, and anesthesia plan are carefully considered. Data suggest that adults are more suitable for GA than children. However, due to the risks associated with GA, anesthetic procedures should only be performed by experienced anesthetists under operating room conditions.   How to cite this article: Yılmaz UN. Oral and maxillofacial surgery and dental rehabilitation under sedation and general anesthesia. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):111-8.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim:The purpose of this study was to determine whether extremely low frequency electric and magnetic field (ELF-EMF) had any detrimental effects on periodontal tissue and to investigate, histologically and immunohistochemically whether melatonin (MLT) and Ganoderma lucidum (GL) had a protective role against these detrimental effects. Methodology:A total of 56 adults, male Wistar Albino rats were used in this study. Rats were divided into 7 equal groups and exposed to ELF-EMF, which was produced by a high voltage source, 8 hours / day for 26 days. GL (20 mg / kg / day) and MLT (10 mg / kg / day) were administered by the oral gavage and intraperitoneal method. Results: Fibrous degeneration in the periodontal membrane, inflammatory cell infiltration, connective tissue fiber organization, dilation, and hemorrhage in the blood vessels changes were determined in the periodontal tissue of the rats in groups I and IV. A statistically significant difference was determined in the groups treated with MLT and GL (p<0.05). Conclusions: It has been determined that ELF-EMF exposure causes histological changes in the periodontal tissue of rats and that MLT and GL may protect against these effects.   How to cite this article: Gül M, Yavaş MC, Dündar S. Protective effect of Melatonin and Ganoderma lucidum against the negative effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields in the periodontal tissues. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):119-26.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the radiographs of the region of the third molar teeth in adults who presented with various complaints. The impaction status of these teeth was examined according to the positions shown, gender and the jaw. Methodology: A retrospective evaluation was made of the panoramic radiographs of a total of 664 patients, comprising 341 males and 323 females with a mean age of 23.96 years (range, 17-35 years). The impaction status and position were examined in a total of 1331 third molar teeth; 456 maxillary and 875 mandibular. Results: Of the 875 mandibular third molar teeth, 545 were seen to be in a vertical position, 234 were mesioangular, 54 distoangular, 32 horizontal and 10 buccoangular. Of the 456 maxillary third molar teeth, 322 were seen to be in a vertical position, 71 were mesioangular, 47 distoangular, 5 horizontal and 11 buccoangular. In the examination of the impaction status of the third molar teeth, there was seen to be more impaction of teeth in the mandible than in the maxilla. The most frequent impaction position of maxillary third molar teeth was vertical (70.61%) followed by mesioangular (15.57%), and in mandibular teeth, the most frequent impaction position was vertical (62.28%) followed by mesioangular (26.74%). Conclusions: In conclusion, it can be said that when third molar teeth are impacted which may cause pathologies, the negative effects of these must be taken into consideration.   How to cite this article: Çolak M. A Radiographic Evaluation of Impacted Third Molar Teeth of Patients in the South-east of Turkey: A retrospective study. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):127-32.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim: In current studies, it is reported that exposure to electromagnetic field (EMF) is related to numerous illnesses. Important parts of our bodies, oral and dental tissues can also be influenced by the EMF. In this study, it was aimed to determine possible negative impacts of EMFs on dental enamel hardness and to test the efficiency of the antioxidant agents against possible adverse effects. Methodology: In this study, 4-month-old 32 Winster strain Albino rats were used, each weighing 250-300 gr in average. In total, 40 teeth were used from these 32 rats. These teeth were classified into four groups. Group 1 was determined as the control group, and Group 2,3, and 4 were exposed to EMF measured as 2.48 μT magnetic field intensity and 80.3 V / m electric field intensity for 52 days. Ganodermalucidum (20 mg/kg/ day) was applied to the Group 3 together with the EMF. Melatonin (10 mg/kg/ day) was applied to the Group 4 together with the EMF. The teeth pulled out after the euthanasia were embedded into acrylic blocks and micro-hardness test was applied. The normality of the variables was analyzed through the Shapiro-Wilk test. After the homogeneity test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare surface micro-hardness (p<0.05). Results: As a result of the conducted statistical analyses, there was statistically no significant difference among the groups concerning micro-hardness (P>0.05). Conclusions: It was determined in our study that 52-day exposure to 2.48 μT EMF did not cause any micro-hardness change in the tooth enamels of the rats. It was also observed that the used antioxidant agents did not cause any significant difference.    How to cite this article: Aras A,  Doğan MS, Yavaş MC. The effect of antioxidants against electromagnetic field on enamel microhardness in rats. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):133-7.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Aim:  The goal of preventive dentistry is to intervene prior to the formation of dental caries. This study evaluated the remineralization effects of fluoride varnish, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphates (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphates (CPP-ACFP) cream, and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) varnish. Materials and Methodology: Samples with early artificial caries lesions were randomly divided into the following 5 groups with 20 samples in each group: (I) control, (II) fluoride varnish, (III) CPP-ACP cream, (IV) CPP-ACFP cream and (V) TCP varnish. The effectiveness of these remineralization agents was evaluated using a laser fluorescence device (DIAGNOdent), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Results: In the pre- and post-treatment evaluations, the DIAGNOdent remineralization measurements were statistically significant in all the groups, except the control group (p < 0.05). In comparison with the DIAGNOdent measurements, the CPP-ACFP group was found to have significantly higher remineralization than the fluoride group (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found between the other groups (p > 0.05). The EDX analysis evaluated the Ca/P ratio between the groups. These results indicated that the CPP-ACFP group was significantly higher than the control group, the CPP-ACP group and the TCP group (p < 0.05); no significant differences were found between the CPP-ACFP group and the fluoride group (p > 0.05). In SEM imaging, the most extensive mineral accumulation was observed in the CPP-ACFP group. Conclusion: Three analytical methods demonstrated that CPP-ACFP was the most effective remineralization material tested in this study.   How to cite this article: Tatar E, Toptancı İR. Evaluation of the effectiveness of remineralization preparations used in paediatric dentistry practices. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):138-44.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Transversal constriction of the maxilla is a common problem and may occur due to many reasons.The maxillary expansion procedures can be classified as rapid maxillary expansion (RME), semi-rapid maxillary expansion (SRME), and slow maxillary expansion (SME). In orthodontic treatment prosodure, it has been evaluated that it causes root resorption especially in the support teeth in many apparatus used for orthodontic treatment and in the expansion apparatus used in the treatment of transverse direction of maxilla. In this review, we aimed to evaluate maxiller expansion protocols and the methods of examining resorption in support teeth.   How to cite this article: Topal R, Gündüz Arslan S. The maxillary expansion procedures, the types, and the root resorption analysis methods. Int Dent Res 2019;9(3):145-51.   Linguistic Revision:  The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.